Lamia

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In ancient Greek mythology, Lamia (Greek: Λάμια) was a beautiful queen of Libya who became a child-eating daemon. While the word lamia literally means "large shark" in Greek, [1] Aristophanes claimed her name derived from the Greek word for gullet (λαιμός; laimos), referring to her habit of devouring children.[2]

Some accounts say she has a serpent's tail below the waist.[3] This popular description of her is largely due to Lamia, a poem by John Keats published in 1819.[4] Antoninus Liberalis uses Lamia as an alternate name for the serpentine drakaina Sybaris. However, Diodorus Siculus describes her as having nothing more than a distorted face.[5]

Later traditions referred to many lamiae; folkloric monsters similar to vampires and succubi that seduced young men and then fed on their blood.[6]

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According to Diodorus Siculus, Lamia was born the beautiful daughter of King Belus of Egypt, making her the granddaughter of Poseidon and Lybie.[7] Upon her father's death she became queen of one of his territories, Libya.[8] However, while visiting Delphi, Pausanias remarks that Lamia was the daughter of Poseidon. He also states that Lamia and Zeus were the parents of Herophile, a noted sibyl.

Diodorus goes on to relate that Lamia had an affair with Zeus and bore him children. When Hera, Zeus's wife, discovered the affair, she became enraged and killed the children. Driven insane with grief, Lamia began devouring other children, and, according to Diodorus, her face became hideously distorted from her grisly deeds.[9]

Zeus then gave her the ability to remove her eyes. In Diodorus the purpose of this is unclear, but other versions state this came with the gift of prophecy. Zeus did this to appease Lamia in her grief over the loss of her children.[10]

Later stories state that Lamia was cursed with the inability to close her eyes so that she would always obsess over the image of her dead children. Some accounts (such as that of Horace, below) say that Hera forced Lamia to devour her own children. Myths variously describe Lamia's monstrous (occasionally serpentine) appearance as a result of either Hera's wrath, the pain of grief, the madness that drove her to murder, or - in some rare versions - a natural result of being Hecate's daughter.[11]

Horace, in Ars Poetica (l.340) imagines the impossibility of retrieving the living children she has eaten:

Neu pranse Lamiae vivum puerum extrabat alvo.
Alexander Pope translates the line:

Shall Lamia in our sight her sons devour,
and give them back alive the self-same hour?

Stesichorus identifies Lamia as the mother of Scylla, by Phorcys.[12] This may be a conflation of Lamia with the sea goddess Ceto, traditionally Phorcys's wife and mother of Scylla. Further passing references to Lamia were made by Strabo (i.II. and Aristotle (Ethics vii.5). Other sources cite Triton as having fathered Scylla by Lamia.

Antoninus Liberalis identifies the dragon Sybaris with Lamia, another conflation.

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Lamia (first version) by John William Waterhouse (1905); Note the snakeskin wrapped around her arm and waist.

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Lamia (second version) by John William Waterhouse (1909); Note the snakeskin on her lap.

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Interpretations
Mothers throughout Europe used to threaten their children with the story of Lamia.[13] Leinweber states, "She became a kind of fairy-tale figure, used by mothers and nannies to induce good behavior among children."[14]

Many lurid details were conjured up by later writers, assembled in the Suda, expanded upon in Renaissance poetry and collected in Bulfinch and in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: Lamia was envious of other mothers and ate their children. She was usually female, but Aristophanes suggests a hermaphroditic phallus, perhaps simply for monstrosity's sake.[15] Leinweber notes, "By the time of Apuleius, not only were Lamia characteristics liberally mixed into popular notions of sorcery, but at some level the very names were interchangeable." [16] Nicolas K. Kiessling compared the lamia with the medieval succubus and Grendel in Beowulf.[17]

Apuleius, in The Golden Ass, describes the witch Meroe and her sister as lamiae:[18] "The three major enchantresses of the novel — Meroe, Panthia and Pamphylia — also reveal many vampiric qualities generally associated with Lamiae," David Walter Leinweber has noticed.[19].

One interpretation posits that the Lamia may have been a seductress, as in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana, where the philosopher Apollonius reveals to the young bridegroom, Menippus, that his hastily-married wife is really a lamia, planning to devour him.[20] Some harlots were named "Lamia".[21] The connection between Demetrius Poliorcetes and the courtesan Lamia was notorious.[22][23][24] In the painting by Herbert James Draper (1909, illustration above), the Lamia who moodily watches the serpent on her forearm appears to represent a hetaira. Though the lower body of Draper's Lamia is human, he alludes to her serpentine history by draping a shed snake skin about her waist. In Renaissance emblems, Lamia has the body of a serpent and the breasts and head of a woman, like the image of hypocrisy[citation needed].

Christian writers warned against the seductive potential of lamiae. In his 9th-century treatise on divorce, Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, listed lamiae among the supernatural dangers that threatened marriages, and identified them with geniciales feminae,[25] female reproductive spirits.[26]

John Keats described the Lamia in Lamia and Other Poems, presenting a description of the various colors of Lamia that was based on Burton's in The Anatomy of Melancholy.[27] The Keats story follows the general plotline of Philostratus, with Apollonius revealing Lamia's true nature before her wedding.

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Modern folk traditions
In the modern Greek folk tradition, the Lamia has survived and retained many of her traditional attributes.[28] John Cuthbert Lawson remarks that "....the chief characteristics of the Lamiae, apart from their thirst for blood, are their uncleanliness, their gluttony, and their stupidity".[29] The contemporary Greek proverb, "της Λάμιας τα σαρώματα" ("the Lamia's sweeping"), epitomises slovenliness[citation needed]; and the common expression, "τό παιδί τό 'πνιξε η Λάμια" ("the child has been strangled by the Lamia")[citation needed], explains the sudden death of young children (ibid). As in Bulgarian folklore and Basque legends, the Lamia in Greece is often associated with caves and damp places.

In modern Greek folk tales, Lamia is an ogress similar to Baba-Yaga, in that she lives in a remote house or tower, eats human flesh, has magical abilities, keeps magical objects, or knows information crucial to the hero of the tale's quest. The hero must avoid her, trick her, or gain her favour in order to obtain one of those. In some tales, the lamia has a daughter who is also a magician and helps the hero, eventually falling in love with him. Lamia was the mother of Akhelios.